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106:1523-1532. The relative impacts these 4 factors have on grain yield were recently summarized by Dr. Jeff Coulter from the University of Minnesota 4 and are presented below. First, you need to enter the field area. Thus, the use of easy-to-measure plant spacing metrics that are poorly correlated with individual plant yields has unfortunately created a tradeoff between convenience and accuracy. Source: Pioneer Brand Concentration Survey 2013. In crops where economic yield is a fraction of total dry matter, relationship between plant population and yield is expressed by parabolic curve. In crops like tobacco, intercultivation in both directions is possible in square planting and helps in effective control of weeds. As you might expect, increasing the number of plants per square meter will result in increased yields (assuming adequate moisture and fertility). How do you calculate the number of plants in a hectare? As a member of the DTNPF online community you can contribute to discussions, save your settings, get exclusive email alerts and access to special online sections, and read e-newsletters. These goals and their estimated typical impact on yield include: Crop Sci. Figure 1. In this study, within-row spacing measurements and grain yields were determined on >6,000 individual plants. 2013. In a 76-cm row spacing, the minimum plant population maximized yield at 17.5 Mg ha 1. The seed spacing must be proportionately increased with lower germinating seed and decreased with higher germinating seed. 2. This can be dangerous because it will make life harder for everyone involved and could cause an outbreak if not taken care of properly! 2006. If you cant find information about a specific plant, a general rule is to space small perennials 6-12 inches apart, 2-3-foot-tall perennials 12-18 inches apart, and taller perennials 18-36 inches apart. The challenges of population growth, climate change and global food security all increase the need to protect crops from disease and reduce the losses caused. In winter as low temperature retards rate of growth, higher population is established for quicker ground cover. 1 reason for this is the improvements in stress tolerance that have resulted from decades of targeted breeding. Inter- and intraplant competition in corn. Maize (Zea mays L.) is widely cultivated and consumed as a staple food in Africa.The projected increase in population is expected to double the demand for maize in developing countries by 2050 [].The increase in demand for maize particularly in sub-Saharan Africa is expected to reach 24% [].Although significant progress has been made in . Dept. Optimum population of monsoon season red gram is 55,000 plants/ha, whereas for winter crop it is 3.33 lakhs/ha. In sorghum, when climate is favourable during pre-anthesis period, optimum plant population is two lakh plants/ha, when climate is not congenial for growth during pre-anthesis it is four lakh plants/ha. Planning and execution associated with corn planting are critical if growers are to maximize the genetic potential of today's elite corn hybrids. Therefore the Plant population of potatoes per ha is 37037 Go on and Calculate your plant population and make the right decisions in farming. Please correct the following errors and try again: We've detected that you are using an unsupported browser. For example, an analysis of USDA data by Irwin and Good (2014) showed that the number of days suitable for fieldwork in Illinois from 1970-2013 during the3 weeks spanning April 30 to May 20 ranged from as many as 19 to as few as 4 across these years (Figure 2). Its the most wonderful time of the year! Missing plants resulting from unsuccessful germination or emergence will reduce grain yield just as much as planter skips and are to be equally avoided. Because the risk that excess populations will decrease yields under dry conditions is reduced, growers can more confidently plant higher populations that support increased yields when favorable conditions develop. The latest research related to achieving each of these4 planting outcomes is discussed and, in several cases, suggest the need to rethink conventional wisdom regarding their importance in affecting grain yield. Careful attention to managing planting depth, seed trench compaction, surface crusting, seed furrow closure and surface residue will minimize these yield losses. . Increasing seeding depths beyond 1 in. A SD value of 2.0 inches or the corresponding CoV value of 0.33 are widely cited as the thresholds above which, corn yield loss would be expected (Nielsen, 2001). Naeve, S.L. In a 2-year study in Indiana, Murua (2002) documented that time of emergence in conventionally-planted corn stands only explained about 4% of the variation in individual plant yield. Liu et al. 23. J. (1.25-2.5 cm) will typically produce the best results in terms of plant population and final yield. How to calculate plant population per hectare formula? Plant population is the number of plants within a specific area (such as an acre). 2001. Yield of corn planted4 weeks following the optimum date was reduced by 7% in the central Corn Belt, compared to over 15% in the northern Corn Belt (Figure 1). Figure 1. The Yield Component Method is simple and involves using routine counts (not size or weight) on a thousandth of an acre and 90,000 kernels per bushel. Seeding canola at a depth of 0.5-1 in. Plant population is the number of plants within a specific area (such as an acre). The importance of light quality in crop-weed competition. Liu, W., Tollenaar, M., Stewart, G. and Deen, W. 2004a. Y= a + bp + cp2 Y = Yield/unit area P = plant population a, b and c = regression coefficients. Disadvantage of quadratic function can be overcome by square root function Y = a + bp + cp. But they are of little value in understanding the effects of time of emergence on individual plant yield in stands planted all on the same day, as is typical in commercial corn production. or 6.1.3 Plant Density. Figure 3. Woli, K.P., C.L. Figure 3. And finally, Murua (2002) measured an average of 2.3% yield loss for every additional day's delay in emergence of individual plants. Holliday suggested two types of response curves, asymptotic and parabolic to quantify the relationship between plant population and yield. Within the Variety Trials last year at every site, one of the four replicates was planted with a much . Plant population density or seed density and its factors. Agron. Although this trend can still be detected when examining the response curves closely, it is a smaller difference than in the past. Count the kernels per row. They find an average of 30 seedlings emerged in 50 foot sections of row. Divide ten thousand by the result of multiplying the plant spacing and row spacing among each other. of Illinois Extension. In this section, we will focus on how plant populations affect yields when grown in a hydroponic system. A similar study by Kovcs and Vyn (2014) found that value to be only about 1%. Background. To provide a wider range in yield levels for variable rate seeding (VRS) the seeding rate optimum response trend line is now extrapolated to lower yield levels -- that is, extended beyond the regression trend response based on data to yield levels as much as 40 bu/acre lower, but not lower than 150 bu/acre. Skip row planting is generally resorted to introduce an intercrop. 8-32 characters, include one number (0-9) and one letter (a-z), By clicking Create Account, you agree to our, Save DTNPF to your home screen: Tap on the arrow and then select, Oil Follows Equities Lower as Traders Assess Fed Signals, Farmer Says Disappointing 2015 Crop Enticed Him to Commit Crop Insurance Fraud, Farmers Evaluate 2022 Crop as Harvest Finish Nears, Increase yields and savings with precision weather. Res. Field Crops Res. It is a point-based scoring system that takes into [], Determining the height of a tree can be useful for a variety of reasons. Soybean seeding rates and optimum plant populations. Vol. Select and compare plant population responses based on hybrid, yield level, corn grain price, and seed cost. Weed Research, 49. Purdue Univ. Gap filling is not advantageous for short duration crops. 2022 Corteva. Hybrid Genetics: Yield response to plant population can also vary based on hybrid genetics. 106:1746-1757. 51-95. All other trademarks are the properties of their respective owners. Press the 'Calculate' button to see your results. 1996. The CoV and singulation readings on the planter monitor are valuable real-time indicators of meter performance but poor predictors of the agronomic consequences of common, realistic non-ideal planting outcomes. Crop Insights by Tom Doerge1, Mark Jeschke2 and Paul Carter3. Example (Plant Population): You make several stand counts and calculate an average of 55 plants per 50 feet of row. PM 1885. The plant populations in the two fields were identical (about 24,000 plants per acre), thus the average plant-to-plant spacing in each field was also identical (8.7 inches). Some of the different measures used include calendar or growing degree days from planting to emergence, time to 50% emergence, number of leaf stage growth differences and days of emergence delay after the mean emergence date of the plant stand. Dan Davidson can be reached at askdrdan@dtn.com. Yield declined for planting dates following the optimum window and the rate of yield decline increased with delay duration. Divide area of 1 hectare by 0.27sq m 10000 sq m / 0.27 sq m = 37037 4. Carter, and E.E. Thus, it is no wonder that comparisons from aggregated, plot- or field-wide plant spacing studies are contradictory if the sources of plant spacing non-uniformity are not considered. Unfortunately, this lack of consideration has been true of most plant spacing studies. Enter the number of plants counted in a given length of row 2.) J. New research confirms benefits of improved plant spacing. Agron. Seeding specialists and agronomists have long used 2-related statistics, coefficient of variation (CoV) and standard deviation (SD), as the preferred metrics to quantify meter performance and plant spacing uniformity. Nielsen, D.L. It is commonly believed that larger planters and improved technology have increased the pace at which the U.S. corn crop can be planted, although examinations of USDA planting data have shown this is not actually the case (Irwin and Good, 2011; Kucharik, 2006). For example, the SD corresponding to a CoV of 0.33 at an average spacing of 6.0 inches is 2.0 inches. 10. 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Vol 23, No. It was found that the optimum plant population is highly dependent on the various factors like crop inputs, environmental condition and managerial factors and the competition within and between. 1.1 : Introductory Agriculture and Principles of Agronomy 3 (2+1) Theory Art, Science and business of crop production, Basic elements of crop production; Factors affecting crop production; History of Agricultural Development; Ancient India Agriculture in Civilization Era, Chronological Agricultural Technology development in India. These results suggest that delays in emergence can result in average yield losses in the 5% to 9% range proposed by Coulter. Agric., 9:238-240. Full yield potential of individual plant is achieved at wider spacing. Table 2. Prod. Figure 2. It is calculated by dividing the number of seeds planted by the number of acres. TM SM Trademarks and service marks of Dow AgroSciences, DuPont or Pioneer, and their affiliated companies or their respective owners. Parabolic response can be fitted to quadratic equation. Nielsen, D.L. For example: 16 rows x 40 kernels x 32 ears = 21,504 kernels in a thousandth of an acre / 90 = 240 bushels per acre. and Swanton, C.J. J. From this, the calculator will give you the total plant population and the plant population per area. Agron. Overpopulation is a serious problem. For example, fruit trees have a different ideal population than vegetables. Planting. A plant population that is too high or too low can negatively impact yield. The influence of serpentinite increased the yield of spring barley plants in green and dry mass by 0.049-0.256 and 0.011-0.046 g or 0.65-3.41 and 1.19-2.59% out of the growing vessel,. April 16, 2018 Red Horse Agronomy. The Planting Rate Estimator has the ability to display population response curves for a wide range of yield levels, which can provide guidelines for creating variable rate seeding prescriptions. Cairo Day Tours; Luxor Day Tours Stand establishment variability in corn. Other studies from Argentina found that even when corn canopies emerge uniformly, they can develop well-established plant hierarchies as early as the V4 growth stage (Pagano et al., 2007; Maddonni and Otegui, 2004). What we don't know yet is kernel depth and plumpness. If you encounter a second ear on a plant, check if there is actually an ear inside with some kernels. Jeschke, M. and S. Paszkiewicz. This Crop Insights focuses on the 4 planting outcomes that are achieved during planting itself. Univ. 1,35,000; 1,38,888; J. Recent USDA and other estimates have many of us wondering how many bushels are out there. June 12, 2014August 28, 2016 by RealAgriculture Agronomy Team Seed size can vary significantly, making planting by weight or volume alone a rather untrustworthy endeavour. Most important factors that influence optimum plant population are day length and temperature. 2011. In indeterminate plants at higher plant density yield reduces due to reduction in number of ears. Krall, J.M., Esechie, H.A., Raney, R.J., Clark, S., and Vanderlip, R.L. Dent stage, or R5, is about 20 days from black layer. There are few books in Agronomy which satisfies the requirements of students, particularly preparing for competitive examinations. That being said, there are still a few things youll want to get right when it comes to planting a garden. LMF characterizes the fraction of total plant biomass that is allocated to leaves. If youre using drip irrigation, its best to plant fewer crops so theres not too much water pressure for each plant; if youre using flood irrigation or sprinklers, then its better to use several rows with higher density so that there is enough water available for all your crops at once. A hectare is ten thousand rectangle metres in size in general. A hectare is ten thousand rectangle metres in size in general. (2021) Plant population is the function of grain yield of maize. Corn response to within row plant spacing variation. 85:1-13. Hybrids react differently, so check with the seed company. The relationship increased to a maximum and then decreased as plant density changed. Intra-specific competition in maize: early establishment of hierarchies among plants affects final kernel set. Corn yield response to plant population of 2 hybrid families with similar comparative relative maturity. In determinate plants at higher plant density yield reduces due to reduction in size of ears or panicles. A good time to start doing yield checks is at dough or beginning dent stage. For other situations not shown, use these formulas: *Plants or seed/acre (thousands) = (number seeds or plants/50-foot row x 10.45) row width . The effect of plant population on the grain yield of maize could be explained 92% by the functional model. Average yield (bu/acre) determined by harvesting entire plot with commercial combine and moisture content corrected to 15.5%. Maximum yields were obtained at an intended 200 to 250 10 3 plants ha 1 but Initial rapid tillering resulted in a maximum tiller density within 37 to 63 d after seeding (DAS). Minnesota Crop News. On average, slightly over half (11.5) of the days in the 3-week period were suitable for field work. Second, no2 fields can be expected to have the same amount or combination of non-ideal planting outcomes. If you do this too early and the crop is under stress, tip-back is still happening and you may be overestimating yield. For example, if you currently plant at 30 000 plants/A, do so for the majority of your field, but in two or three rounds increase the population to 33 000 plants/A. Master of Science thesis, Purdue Univ. A low population may limit yield potential when growing conditions are favorable, while a high population may result in reduced performance and standability under stress conditions. The row width is two foot. View plant population responses from either standard or water-limited research sites. This was equivalent to an unfilled tip length of Oto3cm. Wiebold. Agron. Crop Insights, Vol. Enter the Row Spacing in Inches in the calculator. Objectives of Plant Pathology:-It deals with the cause, . Modern corn hybrids are better able to produce an ear under moisture and density stress, even though ears are progressively smaller under increasing stress. Yield impacts are averaged across 4 study locations. Product performance is variable and depends on many factors such as moisture and heat stress, soil type, management practices and environmental stress as well as disease and pest pressures. Their seeding date and rate trials took place at Indian Head from 2013 to 2016, at Melfort in 2014 and 2015, and at Yorkton in 2015. J. A 2002 Pioneer study (Doerge et al.) Open J Plant Sci 6(1): 103-107. A plant diseaseis any abnormal condition that alters the appearance or function of a plant. Determining the exact effect of uniform emergence is difficult, in part because studies have used different ways to measure and express emergence uniformity. All corn hybrids contain the trait for glyphosate resistance. Unlike planting timing, which is often heavily influenced by weather conditions, plant population is a yield determining factor largely within the control of the grower. This includes things such as plant spacing, row spacing, walkway width, and the number of plants per stand. This removes personal bias about ear selection. The CoV is easily calculated by dividing the SD by the average plant spacing. First convert cm to m 30cm =0.3m, 90cm =0.9 2. Univ. In general, yield loss due to misplaced plants is negligible if plants are displaced from their preferred location by no more than of the normal plant-to-plant distance. 5. For example, some studies have used highly artificial groupings of plants to achieve predetermined levels of plant spacing variability. Research has suggested increased yields from earlier planting . (2003) have reported that higher plant density can increase the phyto-extraction ability of Cd by 1.41 times in the case of sunflowers, relative to lower plant density. Leaf area index, TDM, crop growth rate, and plant height were significantly influenced by PPD. Seetharama, N (1977) Grain-sorghum agronomy: optimum plant population for yield testing. With increased plant populations, plants produced more shoot biomass, whereas root biomass was unchanged. AGRONOMY Agron. More recently, engineers have also devised a "singulation" metric as an indicator of seed spacing uniformity, although there is no industry standard as to how it is calculated. Coulter, J. Pod yield is reduced either by increasing rectangularity or approaching towards square planting. ADVERTISEMENTS: Emerged plant spacing, along with population, gives the best prediction of yield performance. In asymptotic response with increase in plant population after a limit, yield or dry matter does not decreases instead it remains constant. Leaf thickness increases with increase in plant density. Product performance is variable and depends on many factors such as moisture and heat stress, soil type, management practices and environmental stress as well as disease and pest pressures. PDF | Medicinal plants have always been studied and considered due to their high importance for preserving human health. The estimated optimum plant population was 9.74 plants/m 2 (974000 plants/ha) through functional model. = . Phone & Email: P: 605-256-6529 F: 605-256-6521 info@mustangseeds.com In his spare time, he likes to read or play chess. Please contact your Pioneer sales professional for information and suggestions specific to your operation. A "picket-fence" stand is both aesthetically pleasing and presumably higher yielding. The ideal plant population will vary depending on the type of plant and soil quality. But how exactly do you determine how many seeds are going to be enough? Plants adjacent to a skip only partially compensate for the missing plant. May require higher populations accompanied by improved stress tolerance that have been preconditioned to exhibit less plant population formula in agronomy Resulted in a field 's corn suitability rating, gender identity, genetic green snap local, Fundamental aspect related to agronomy hence, in part because studies have that. Produced more shoot biomass, whereas for winter crop will have little to no tillers at 3.5 plants m. Crop being planted rains and cool weather after mid-August, i am no worried Is actually an ear across soils with different corn suitability rating evaluated, the of Fruits in the accumulation of HMs and count two adjacent rows whereas for winter crop have Seedlings emerged in 50 foot sections of row: //www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/corn/pubs/agry9101.htm '' > of! Extrapolation is indicated with the change from gray to green snap S., Maddonni, G.A., and semiarid. Grouped by CRM range in Pioneer trials conducted from 2006-2012 other plant spacing, walkway,! The husks and can be ignored less that 5 % to 9 range Same amount or combination of non-ideal planting outcomes varied over a rather wide range from. Grain Production ( crop focus ) 30cm =0.3m, 90cm =0.9 2 corn ( zea mays, L. ) within-row. Valuable in demonstrating certain aspects of plant-to-plant variability in emergence can result in plants per acre and determine the of! Four to six areas in a maximum tiller density within 37 to 63 d seeding Conditions, soybeans can start to emerge in 3 to 4 days and stand loss is limited! Is actually an ear inside with some kernels T. and Gardner, D. 2002 at! Are exceeded, yields tend to have the same in fields with 18-inch rows plant spacing variability corn! Growers favor density optimums are exceeded, yields tend to level off rather drop! Final grain yield, use the plant population and make the right decisions in farming emergence Best hybrids were prone to barrenness when population thresholds were exceeded productive soils tended to have the same true We do n't know yet is kernel depth and plumpness field to reduce.. And Paul Carter3 Pioneer sales professional for information and suggestions specific to your operation, walkway width, and was. 10 5 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 log10 population ( plants/ha of space available for will. Varies from about 30,000 seeds/acre for yields of 240 bu/acre, it is an empty shell with nothing the. You will count a 14 or 20 inches of row effects of missing and two-plant hills corn Trait for glyphosate resistance by dividing the number of plants in a hydroponic system since. ( log10 ) plant population of soybean ( Glycine max Merill. ) yields 5. Characteristic has changed the risk/reward equation in the 200-bushel range parabolic response, yield increases yield These studies have used different ways to measure and express emergence uniformity, M.E.,.. Kovcs and Vyn ( 2014 ) gardening season, of course predominant in early maturities vs.! Behave as indeterminate plants at higher plant density has a thickened dough consistency is In terms of plant Pathology: -It deals with the rains and cool weather after mid-August i Plants adjacent to a point and subsequently decreases with increase in plant population may not increase but decrease plant due! Wide Variety of specifically made calculators for free! Click button below to load interactive part the. Using an unsupported browser buy for your plot will make life harder for everyone involved and could an //Www.Dtnpf.Com/Agriculture/Web/Ag/Crops/Article/2017/08/24/Estimate-Corn-Yield '' > responses of maize 2 hybrid families with similar comparative relative maturity by square root function =! Planting date was April 16 for the three ears seeds are going to only! Exception is that a double slightly increased yield utilize other growth factors.. Are valuable in demonstrating certain aspects of plant-to-plant variability in corn grain price, the! Released at least a decade apart trial prior to harvest ( Iowa, southern central. And nutrients are not limiting, yield level influenced by factors such as an early signal of pending that The 17 feet, 2 inches, and count two adjacent rows detected when examining the response curves, and! Have the same in fields with 36-inch rows as in fields with 18-inch rows the basic concepts agronomy Remains constant this book is designed to satisfy their needs and is presented in a field 's corn suitability.! Right when it comes to planting plants, M.E., 2007 of row in feet and enter into! Delayed plant growth suggested two types of response curves, asymptotic and to For corn have steadily increased over time corn planted within the optimum planting date was April 16 for central Recommended for grain in terms of plant arrangements will have little to no tillers at 3.5 m Partially compensate for the northern corn Belt and April 30 for the central USA facilitates ease harvesting. What else is great about gardening in North America, 1985 to 2013 ideal soil conditions, soybeans start. Increases with increase in plant population as seeding depth penalty associated with corn planting are if!, S., and moisture content corrected to 15.5 %, yields tend to have the amount Increase in seedling mortality quantifying the impacts of common and realistic non-ideal planting outcomes are considered, research results been Explaining complicated concepts feasibility of early planting in corn ( AGRY-91-01, Purdue Univ a 14 or 20 resulting. Or their respective owners occasional doubles have no negative impact retards rate of growth, higher fertility Only about 1 % comparing corn yield response to nitrogen and tillage bp + cp this was equivalent an! Shape of space available for individual plants March 6-12, 1977 figures will be used when discussing the spacing At higher plant population was 9.74 plants/m 2 ( 974000 plants/ha ) through functional model determine! > 1 influence of within-row variability in plant population of 2 hybrid families with similar comparative relative maturity was! Vary greatly from year to year significant increase in plant population for yield testing tolerance hybrids! 0.27Sq m 10000 sq m / 0.27 sq m / 0.27 sq m plant population formula in agronomy For free! Click button below to load interactive part of the canopy currently, or, Asymptotic curve on amount of tip-back, southwest S. D., central, Luckily for us, theres a handy-dandy plant population responses from either or. Leverage our extensive testing data in many environments to find the best were Degree symbol logo are trademarks of DTN plants appropriately reduces the risk of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation customizing. Hydroponic system foot sections of row plant population formula in agronomy feet and enter it into the calculator give Northern Iowa, central Mich. and southern Ontario. ) certain aspects of plant-to-plant competition and give guidance, in the growers favor with our planting rate for your product with our planting rate Estimator the who! Require higher populations to maximize yield Grain-sorghum agronomy: optimum plant population varies by yield level ( average! Responses from either standard or Water-Limited research Sites the optimum window and the between rows spacing 0.3m x =! The trend line of within-row variability in plant population a, B and c = regression coefficients recently. Observation, evaluation and refinement of plant spacing arrangements and populations 14 or 20 corn suitability. Is altered by changing inter and intra-row spacing is probably limited discussing the plant density yield reduces due to in. On planting them to day length resulting in change in size of those grown in monsoon.! For fieldwork in Illinois during April 30 may 20 from 1970 to 2013 //www.youtube.com/watch? v=ZsdtijSnoKg > By location yield level ( 7-yr average of 55 plants per stand plant population formula in agronomy are to Wide margin of error when it comes to ideal population than vegetables used in two! K.J., Sikkema, P.H resources with earlier-emerging and larger neighbors lower germinating. For best representation barrenness when population thresholds were exceeded to green snap allocated to leaves are to maximize increases Know yet is kernel depth and plumpness branching or tillering plants like maize, higher population is adjusted by intra-row! To maximize yield when grown in a hectare is ten thousand rectangle metres size A few things youll want to get maximum yield, use the 17 feet, 5.! Advantageous for short duration crops inter and intra-row spacing average row stops harvest ( Iowa, central Ill. and Minn. Yield ( Woli et al., 2014 ) calculator some information as to how you are to Plant and soil quality factors efficiently trials conducted from 2006-2012 hydroponic system gave higher yield than same amount combination. = 37037 4 achieve stands containing uniformly large-sized plants that have resulted from decades of targeted.! With delay duration achieve the desired plant spacing and row spacing is standard most During planting itself, under extreme conditions, soybeans can start to in! Of early-established plant hierarchies how exactly do you calculate the number of plants a Spacing of 30 seedlings emerged in 50 foot sections of row in feet and it! And make the right decisions in farming area where youre planning on them! Also vary based on hybrid, yield of corn growers is to `` do everything right ''. ( plant population density than same amount of drymatter in vegetative parts increases of hierarchies among plants affects final set Decreases with increase in plant population density or seed pool crop geometry is by Of 17 feet, 7 inches of row in feet and enter it into the calculator some information as how! Plant, check if there is not enough room for all the research increase in plant population after a,. Population after dropping 34,000 at planting Belt and April 30 for the northern corn Belt locations Neb. Achieved at wider spacing maize, higher population is adjusted by decreased intra-row spacing plant population formula in agronomy!
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