How do you treat holes in sweet potato leaves? These can mean anything from bruising and oxidization to chemical reactions from cooking. Cut down to a third of the old growth all the way to the ground. What animal is eating my sweet potato vine? 1. have a common taste for sweet potato vines. spray both sides of leaves. To get rid of beetles, shake them off into a bucket of soapy water. Sweet potato vines will wilt or curl their leaves when lacking water. Can I trim them to keep them in bounds? Starting new plants from cuttings may be a good idea. 2. However, the occasional one sometimes slips through, and you may end up buying sweet potatoes affected by this issue. the sweetpotato weevilThough the sweetpotato weevil is the most damaging pest of this crop nationwide, it has only recently been found in North Carolina and is a potential problem here. Sweet potato leaves are poisonous, but you can eat them. In the United States, sweet potato vine is a perennial crop. You may tell which insect is causing trouble to your crops by inspecting the underside and the ground to look for telltale signs. To avoid an infestation, be sure to use only certified transplants from weevil-free areas. Pheromone-baited traps (such as Pherocon Unitraps) are found to be effective in reducing the weevil numbers and the damage due to sweet potato weevil. Sweet potato vines have heart-shaped leaves that are deeply lobed or lacy patterned. Typically, you put 2-5 ml per 1 liter (33 ounces) of water. Spread diatomaceous earth around the plant. Insects to watch for Sweet potato whitefly can be controlled with Year Round Spray Oil (spray under the leaves in early morning when its cool), bifenthrin or Malathion. Initially they started as a brownish transparent spot which later becomes a hole. Lorraine Wade is all about natural food. The care of sweet potato plants is similar to most other vining houseplants in the home, spending summers outdoors. The damage will start at the edges of your leaves and travel all over your plant. They would chew holes in the plastic, eat the wooden dowels, and then devour the bird seed. What is eating holes in my ornamental sweet potato vine? A yellow halo might surround the lesions, and over time, defoliation might occur. Apply horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, or neem oil to severe problems. What is eating the leaves off my sweet potato vine? Purple sweet potato vine plants also attract flea beetles and potato wireworms. If you don't see any bug, it doesn't make sense to spray an insecticide. However, I would recommend picking off the worst of the leaves and fertilizing with a liquid fertilizer. While tolerant of drought, these plants prefer to be kept moist (not soggy). Sweet Potato Vine (Ipomoea batatas) is a member of the Convolvulaceae family. Also, why do my potato plants have leaves with holes in them? Containerized plants will need to be watered more often, every 1-2 days during hot spells. This plant has elongated purplish- black leaves which become very large during a warm, wet summer. Aug 1, 2020 - What Are the Holes in My Sweet Potato Vines?. Do you know what could be causing the holes? Alyssum: Sweet alyssum flowers serve as a ground cover plant while also attracting beneficial insects like wasps. Make sure containers have drainage holes in the bottom. Insecticidal soap kill harmful insects like mites, aphids, thrips, white flies and immature leafhoppers. Holes started to appear in the leaves. . Sweet potato vines are common in voles (Microtus spp. One did nothing. Sweet potato varieties are ready to harvest 95 to 120 days after planting in the garden. Are sweet potato vines easy to care for? My vote goes to tortoise beetle. This 5 to 7 mm long bright gold beetle is also known as the golden tortoise beetle. You can avoid it by really turning over and raking your soil to at least one foot deep before planting. A sweet potato vine (Ipomoea batatas) usually looks like something the cat left out in the rain after a hard frost, limp, rotten, and dead, but if the roots survive, it will return in the spring. The white, legless larvae have brown heads and measure 1/4 inch long, and an adult measures 1/4 to 1/3 inch long and has an orange body and metallic blue head. These also go well paired with sauces. What are small black holes in sweet potatoes? Spray this on all the leaves of the plant. All three love sweet potato leaves. Holes in the leaves of morning glory and sweet potato vine may be the first clue your plants are infested with goldbug. I didn't take a lot of notice but a day or so later the plant had virtually no leaves and ressembled something that had been attacked by . WirewormWireworm in Potatoes Slug entry holes look very much like those made by wireworm, the larvae of the click beetle. Pest-like caterpillars feast on sweet potato vine and crew very leaves in a short time. ), ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi), and gophers (Thomomys spp.) On contact with the pests, the solution kills them. When it comes to sweet potatoes, it's probably . Can You Save Sweet Potato Slips For Next Year? The term sound on tape is referred to as SOT. The foliage lends a tropical feel to the garden and comes in a range of colors and varying forms. Holes in leaves are the sign of an insect feasting on your sweet potato vine, likely tortoise or flea beetles. It spreads to 4 feet or more. Leave the tuber to grow more plants. Holes in the leaves of morning glory and sweet potato vine may be the first clue your plants are infested with goldbug. What are small black holes in sweet potatoes? If vines are wandering out of bounds, try turning them back into the vegetable garden. That sweet potato probably isnt spoiled, but it will taste bad, so theres no point in cooking it. The fatty acids in the soap dissolve the insects exoskeleton, causing them to dehydrate. There are various methods for controlling this pest, including crop rotation, traps, pesticides, and predatory nematodes. A. Tortoise beetles, or sweet potato beetles, are often called gold bugs because of their color. The best time to plant this fast-growing perennial is in the spring when temperatures stay around 50 degrees. This fungus creates brown lesions on the leaves of the sweet potato plant that looks similar to a target. Still battling them. When it comes to pithy sweet potatoes, as long as the inside of the potato has only a few holes here and there, it should be perfectly safe to eat. Sweet potato vines enjoy a bright, sunny location outdoors with similar conditions in the home. 5 yr. ago Zone 5, Illinois, USA. How tall do sweet potato . These wireworms find their way into the potato leaves by tunneling their way into the plant and leaving numerous holes as they proceed. In Mediterranean climates, cabbage loopers attack sweet potato vines all year, with their activity peaking in fall. Holes in potatoes are mainly caused by wireworms which are the larvae of click beetles. To get rid of beetles, shake them off into a bucket of soapy water. The following are general methods in controlling pests and diseases of sweetpotato.These include the following: Dill, chives, borage, summer savory, and oregano also make good companion plants for sweet potato vines. Space plants 10-36 inches apart, depending on the variety and how it's used. Keep soil evenly moist. For Sweet Potato, mix one potting medium part pine bark, one part peat moss, and one part sand. This is the handiwork of the sneaky golden tortoise beetle. What is eating my sweet potato leaves, in the same way? Spread diatomaceous earth around the plant. To me, that's entirely . A: There are a number of pests that can chew holes in the leaves of the fast-growing potato vine; beetles, looper caterpillars, slugs, snails and grasshoppers can all nibble holes of small to enormous size. The bird feeders were hanging on a black metal shepherds hook. Its tendrils droop over to the sides of the container. Summary: Usually less that 1/10 inch long, the adult beetles infest sweet potato vines in spring, chewing tiny holes in their new leaves, reports the University of 3.Holes in Leaves of Morning Glory and Sweet Potato Vines Author: www.melindamyers.com Post date: 10 yesterday Rating: 5 (1373 reviews) Highest rating: 4 Low rated: 3 They totally destroy my planters every . You can also apply neem oil to the affected area. Polyphenols, on the other hand, are important antioxidants found in sweet potato leaves. Add your method(s) to your $Project$-Prefix by wrapping them, When youre short on cash, its simple to go outright selling things to solve the problem. This type of damage, also known as shot holes, rarely jeopardizes a plants vigor or productivity, but it could indicate the possibility of later problematic larval feeding on tubers. A few hungry critters may feed on your potato plants, such as voles, mice, and raccoons. Dusting leaves with plain talcum powder repels flea beetles on tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, and other plants. Holes in Leaves Holes in leaves are the sign of an insect feasting on your sweet potato vine, likely tortoise or flea beetles. Many pests attack sweetpotato foliage. Though prolific growers, you may fertilize monthly, if desired, using a general all-purpose, water soluble fertilizer. Saut the sweet potato leaves in butter and garlic for a stir fry, or use them as a garnish on any dish. Yellowing leaves can also be the sign of a magnesium deficiency, since plants use magnesium to make the . The ornamental sweet potato vines are perfect for container gardening. Wireworms, the larval stage of click beetles, are mainly responsible for potato holes. Holes in morning glory leaves and sweet potato wine leaves can be the first indication that your plants are affected. It is the tallest growing and trailing of the cultivars. The larvae feed almost continuously on the leaves of the host plant, stopping only when molting. Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas, is an herbaceous perennial in the family Convolvulaceae grown for its edible storage roots. Home Vegetables What Eats Holes In Sweet Potato Vine Leaves? After a hard frost, a sweet potato vine (Ipomoea batatas) usually look like something the cat left out in the rain, limp, rotten and dead, but as long as the roots survive it will come back in the spring. The solution kills the pests on contact. Trim off low leaves to slow the spread of early blight, the main cause of spots on tomato leaves Tomato Tribe Troubles. Sources close to the ad, Copyright 2022 TipsFolder.com | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. If there are holes in your sweet potato, it is likely because of wireworms. This 5 to 7 mm long bright gold beetle is also known as the golden tortoise beetle. Plants can be spaced closer together than in the ground. What do black spots on sweet potatoes mean? The white-striped, pale-green caterpillars crawl across the undersides of the leaves by arching their midsections as they draw their front and back ends together, says the University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. What do black spots on sweet potatoes mean? Spread diatomaceous earth around the plant. Plant these aromatic herbs nearby to ward off the destructive sweet potato weevil. Spray with hot pepper or garlic repellent. Control the looper with occasional applications of an insecticide containing BT, spinosad, a pyrethroid (permethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin and others) or carbaryl (Sevin). This usually leads to root rot. Both the adult and larvae feed on the leaves of all members of the morning glory family. I flipped one over and saw the coolest looking gold metallic bug, the size of a ladybug. Can I trim them to keep them in bounds? The leaves are prepared in the same way that spinach or turnip greens are. The vines are rich and flavorful no matter what you call them, whether sweet potato leaves, camote tops, or kamote tops, but they may be bitter like most greens. Aphid midges, lacewings, and lady beetles are among the native predators and parasites to be encouraged. SWEET POTATO VINE FAQ's Plants are adaptable to varying light conditions from full sun to shade. On the second year plants, most gardeners report limited success and poor growth. Deer grazed on some leaves which grew through the chicken wire. The most common problem people experience with sweet potato vines is discovering leaves riddled with holes. The four larval instars last a total of 21 days. Pheromone lures are effective for 8 weeks and are most effective in a 50 meter radius. Prune side shoots back, leaving only two to four buds from the blue potato vines main branch. Sweet Potato Flea BeetleSweet Potato Flea Beetle Adult beetles are black, about 1/16-inch long and usually hop away when disturbed. These pest-eating leaves make several holes in the leaves in a very short time. Whether you're growing an edible sweet potato vine (Ipomoea batatas) for its sweet, starchy tubers or an ornamental sweet potato vine cultivar for its colorful foliage, you have a sprawling, lush-leaved plant on your hands, and leaf-chewing pests won't be far behind, warns the Missouri Botanical Garden. Black Spots on Ornamental Sweet Potato Vine Leaf, California Tenants' Rights During Foreclosure, University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program, Missouri Botanical Garden: Ipomoea Batatas, University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program: Potato: Flea Beetle, University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program: Cole Crops: Cabbage Looper, University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program: Pesticide Information: Active Ingredient, Pyrethrin, How to grow your own herb garden in any indoor or outdoor space. This 5 to 7 mm long bright gold beetle is also known as the golden tortoise beetle. These animals, on the other hand, usually feed on the soils roots and vegetables, and they dont bother the plants tops. The sweet potato plant is a branching, creeeping vine with spirally arranged lobed, heart shaped leaves and white or lavender flowers. Plant will start growing new leaves within a week. Her friends and family are the lucky beneficiaries of her culinary skills! Foliage color is richest when plants receive at least 6 hours of full sun per day. Other less common causes of holes in potato leaves include conditions of hollow heart and presence of white grubs that are equally dangerous to the overall health of the plant. Injury that occurs closer to harvest will not be healed. What Causes Holes In Sweet Potato Leaves? Make sure to spray on the bottom of the leaves where most of the eggs and larvae will reside. Long hind legs for jumping give metallic-bronze or black potato flea beetles their name. once a weekNewly planted sweet potato slips will need to be watered daily during their first week outside. Standard sweet potatoes may grow up to 16 feet long and produce large tubers in colors such as orange, red and purple. This 5-7mm long light colored gold beetle is also known as the gold turtle beetle. Sweet potato vines are usually attracted by golden tortoise beetle that looks similar to a teardrop of molten gold. Plant hardiness zones 9 to 11 are assigned by the Department of Agriculture. Their feeding creates many small holes that often give the leaves a lacy appearance. Ipomoea batatas 'Ragtime' With unique almost-lacy leaves, this purple sweet potato vine is quite striking. Purple sweet potato vine plants also attract flea beetles and potato wireworms. krystine. I can't recall ever growing them without seeing holes in the leaves (from munching bugs) at some point during the growing season. Because it develops woody stems, growth must be renewed from the bottom of the plant on occasion. A trellis or an arbor are required for sweet potato vines to grow vertically. What is eating my sweet potato leaves, in the same way? You can also apply neem oil to the affected area. Use white sticky traps to capture flea beetles as they jump. Usually less that 1/10 inch long, the adult beetles infest sweet potato vines in spring, chewing tiny holes in their new leaves, reports the University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. Eggs are laid in the soil from late spring to early fall. To get rid of beetles, shake them off into a bucket of soapy water. What causes holes in sweet potato vine leaves? Spray Bacillus thuringiensis on the potato plants in larger gardens where handpicking isnt practical. Will sweet potato vine come back? Lorraine also enjoys hiking and exploring nature. Holes in potatoes can also be caused by hollow heart conditions and white grubs. Usually less that 1/10 inch long, the adult beetles infest sweet potato vines in spring, chewing tiny holes in their new leaves, reports the University of California Statewide Integrated. Another way to propagate sweet potato vines is through cuttings. It was chipmunks that were the problem. Sweet potato plants are vines that grow quickly and cover the ground. Voles (Microtus spp. However, if your sweet potato has deep black pits, that is a sign of rot and you should discard it. Ammunition, on the other hand, does not fall into, Valorant is a free to play game that allows anyone to sign up and create new accounts for free. How to Treat Sweet Potato For Insects Try not to use chemical pesticides to treat your sweet potatoes unless necessary. They are easily recognized by the tendency to eat narrow grooves in the upper surface of sweet potato leaves. Remove and destroy infested plants. Their tunnels leave behind a hole in the potato tuber. While solanine is found in the entire potato plant, including the leaves, potatoes that arent green are still safe to eat. What is a good companion plant for sweet potatoes? How do you know when its time to dig up sweet potatoes? Holes in leaves are the sign of an insect feasting on your sweet potato vine, likely tortoise or flea beetles. Ornaments, unlike edible potatoes, can be pruned to the ground right down to the ground if necessary. To support the potato, place the toothpicks in a wide-mouth glass jar and rest the potato on the glass rim. Pest problems include the sweet potato looper a caterpillar that chews holes in the leaves and the sweet potato whitefly. Between early May and June, these pests come out of the ground to feed on the foliage. A common way to eat sweet potato leaves is to treat them like spinach and cook them accordingly. The sweet potato root can be injured by several soil insects including: the sweet potato weevil, rootworms, wireworms, white grubs, whitefringed beetles and flea beetles. How do I keep bugs away from my sweet potato vine? The large holes are probably from paperwasps, they bite the leaves, chew them up and make paper for their nests. Sweet potatoes with holes are generally safe to eat as long as the pests are no longer present. Once the sweet potato greens are tender, chop the leaves and use them in recipes or saut them with butter and garlic, then splash the hot sweet potato greens with soy sauce or vinegar . Add 2-3 drops of dishwashing soap and shake the mix well. Beetles. Since it's up on a balcony, most likely something with wings at some point, i.e. Nutrient Deficiences. Continue to apply the herbicide around the plant area in the soil, about 5 inches from the base of the sweet potato vine. The most common nutritional cause of yellowing leaves is a lack of nitrogen. Adult beetles may be feeding on the leaves of sweet potato vine. Spray with hot pepper or garlic repellent. Feeding holes are in groups and may enlarge as roots develop. Spread 3 to 4 inches of organic mulch, such as compost or grass clippings around the sweet potato vvines. Is it possible to eat sweet potato leaves? A density of 100 traps per acre eliminates damage on root tubers. The plant gets good sun all day long. Annae A on Jun 02, 2015 I loved my sweet potato ivy, I thought my holes were from lil worms in Napa, Calif. Coffee grounds are a good repellent for flea beetles, but to get rid of them, the best and most effective option is diatomaceous earth, which will dehydrate the pests on contact. Its pressed from seeds of the tropical neem tree (Azadirachta indica, USDA zones 10-12), and its effective against Colorado potato beetles, leafhoppers, aphids and many other pests. Other soil insects feed on the surface of the developing root. The University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program suggests you wear protective clothing and eyewear, socks, shoes and a hat while you drench the leaves on both sides. Something is eating the leaves on my potato plants. On the other hand, it is possible to over-water sweet potatoes. Are sweet potato vines toxic to humans? Her friends and family are the lucky beneficiaries of her culinary skills! For containers: Use high-quality all-purpose potting soil. Sweetpotato Weevil Pests can be controlled by using insecticides, separating infected crops, throwing away host plants, and using postharvest treatments. . In any case, do not eat the leaves raw or cooked. Of course, you want to prevent this. Many gardeners turn to this foamy remedy not only because its effective, but also because it is more eco-friendly. Two grew them behind 4' fencing. Aphids Use a strong spray of water on plants. Larva of sweet potato weevil is a white, legless grub with a pale brown head about 3/8 inches long; the adult beetle has a reddish snout. The field will serve as their breeding ground and their eggs will fall just beside the plant. Several pungent plants also have a reputation for repelling a broad range of predatory insects. If you're in U. S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 9 through 11, where sweet potato vines are perennials, expect to battle one or the other of them throughout the year. Shake well and spray where leaves are being eaten. To get rid of beetles, shake them off into a bucket of soapy water. Both the adult and larvae feed on the leaves of all members of the morning glory family. Adult beetles infest sweet potato vines in spring and chew tiny holes in their new leaves, usually less than 1/10 inch long. Roots injured during early development will have many unsightly healed holes at harvest. Because they have thin skins sweet potatoes are easily damaged during harvest so extra care should be taken. This 5 to 7 mm long bright gold beetle is also known as the golden tortoise beetle. Once the plants are established, sweet potatoes can be watered once a week. Flea beetles usually dont damage tubers, but their feeding does result in many small holes throughout leaves. Between early May and June, these pests come out of the ground to feed on the foliage. The leaves have tiny little holes, approximately one-eighth inch in diameter. Plants should be covered with floating row covers when possible. . To grow good sweet potatoes, youll need a long warm season. Hardy in USDA zones 9-11, this plant can grow from about 10 to 16 inches high and trail or spread up to 4-plus feet. Handpick potato bugs, larvae, and eggs, and drop them in a bucket of soapy water to be destroyed. The leaves of sweet potato vine plants (also known as Ipomoea batatas) can turn yellow and brown for reasons within or beyond your control. Lorraine also enjoys hiking and exploring nature. Shes a friendly person who loves to chat with others, and shes always looking for ways to help out in her community. Remove beetles, larvae, and eggs with a vacuum cleaner. The animals often burrow near the roots, chew on the plants and cause general havoc. The leaves are prepared much like spinach or turnip greens. ), ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi), and gophers (Thomomys spp.). We also have a video that shares a few tips and tricks for the maintenance and care of a sweet potato vine. Sweet potato Ipomaea batatas 'Sweetheart Light Green' forms a dense cover ' Sweet Caroline Sweetheart Light Green' (PBR) Sprinkle plants with diatomaceous earth. beetle or beetle larvae (caterpillars) hatched from eggs. Although the leaf damage is seldom serious, damage from the beetles' root-feeding larvae might follow. Apply horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, or neem oil to severe problems. While sweet potato vines have few pest problems, rodents rank as one of the most serious pests in a sweet potato patch. They were originally from Central and South America, so theyre a warm-weather vegetable. My sweet potato vines had tons of holes in them. Sweet Potato Pests & Diseases. Something is putting holes in my ornamental potato vine. Holes in my leaves, PLEASE HELP 16 . The vines of sweet potatoes tend to ramble far and wide, which is why many home gardeners dont raise them. Lorraine Wade is all about natural food. Holes in leaves and roots. So I pulled them up and gave up on it because I was growing them for the pretty leaves. Neem Oil Spray. This is a close up of the holes, its a transparent area that then becomes a hole. Crop rotation and high soil organic matter are used to keep flea beetle populations low. Methods of control include crop rotation, traps, pesticides, and predatory nematodes. Garlic, catnip, chives and nasturtiums may provide your vegetables some additional protection against the potato beetle. Sweet potato vine ( Ipomoea batatas ), named for its edible cousin, is an ornamental warm-season annual grown for its attractive leaves and vining habit. Holes in leaves are the sign of an insect feasting on your sweet potato vine, likely tortoise or flea beetles. Aphid midges, lacewings, and lady beetles are among the native predators and parasites to be encouraged. The plant also comes in bush and semi-bush forms, as well as ornamental varieties, many with colorful leaves. Whether you're growing an edible sweet potato vine (Ipomoea batatas) for its sweet, starchy tubers or an ornamental sweet potato vine cultivar for its colorful foliage, you have a sprawling, lush-leaved plant on your hands, and leaf-chewing pests won't be far . How to create singleton class in objective c? This type of worm is known to attack root crops and may affect sweet potatoes to the extent that they have to be discarded and cannot be sold. Pruning will also boost the plants bushiness because it encourages branching at the cut locations. Beetles may be present on leaf undersides during the day. Do you know what could be causing the holes? The sweet potato vine is pretty tough and can usually bounce . After planting sweet potatoes, use organic fertilizer of the highest quality within 30 days. Spread diatomaceous earth around the plant. Both the adult and larvae feed on the leaves of all members of the morning glory family. Apply the herbicide the remaining bulk section of the vine until it is soaking wet. They tunnel into the potato tuber leaving a hole behind. When the leaves turn slightly yellow they are usually ready to harvest. This is a bug that attacks potatoes, but it's quite small. Control both these pests with a spray solution containing 3 to 5 tablespoons or the label's specified amount of plant-based pyrethrin insecticide in a gallon of water. Holes appear inside sweet potatoes due to wireworms. The damage is pretty much aesthetic and wasps eat bugs so I leave them alone. Here are a few that you might encounter. Plants should be covered with floating row covers when possible. Both the adult and larvae feed on the leaves of all members of the morning glory family. All the leaves were chewed off. All of this can cause leaves to turn yellow and fall off. Both the adult and larvae feed on the leaves of all members of the morning glory family. Plant sweet potato vine at the right time. Adults do not feed on potato plants. They thrive in well-drained soil and must be fertilized on a regular basis during the growing season. you will know if the soil is waterlogged by creating a tiny hole on the soil surface and filling it with water. It is important to not plant sweet potato vines outdoors until the soil is at least 60 degrees F. Sweet potatoes can be grown in a wide variety of climates, but they're best grown indoors in warm, moist, well-drained soil with a pH of 6.5 to 7.0. Leave them in box 'till Spring when you replant them in fresh new soil (miracle grow) works well. Spread diatomaceous earth around the plant. Q: I have two urns containing ornamental sweet potato vine. The ornamental sweet potato vine, like edible varieties, will develop tuberous roots. Why are there holes in my potato vine leaves? Second, does potato vine require sun? Control both pests with a spray solution in a gallon of water containing 3 to 5 tablespoons (or the labels specified amount) of plant-based pyrethrin insecticide. The reason we see holes in the sweet potato is usually the activity of wireworms. What is eating the leaves off my sweet potato vine? The air potato beetles attacked my ornamental sweet potatoes and ruined a good share of the leaves. Six of us grew sweet potatoes this year in the community gardens. It contains a lot of protein, vitamins B, beta carotene, lutein, and antioxidants. How do I make another account on Valorant. The vines of sweet potatoes tend to ramble far and wide, which is why many home gardeners dont raise them. What eats holes in sweet potato vine leaves? While you drench the leaves on both sides, wear protective clothing and eyewear, socks, shoes, and a hat. Fill the jar halfway with water until some of the eyes on the potatos bottom are covered. 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